Blog by Rebekah Watts, Shorebird Warden - South Walney, Cumbria Wildlife Trust ​

Nesting Season
Spring has finally arrived and with it, changes are occurring. Flowers are blossoming, days are lengthening and here at South Walney Nature Reserve, birds are carrying sticks and feathers and nests are popping up along our beaches which means that nesting season has begun.

Nesting season is the most important time of year. The productivity of our birds is highly important and to assist them during this season, a lot of preparation is undergone during the Autumn and Winter months.  

Nesting Season Preparations
Funding provided by ‘LIFE on the Edge’ (also known as LOTE) helps substantially at South Walney nature reserve when it comes to nesting season. LOTE is a Life Nature project which is lead by the RSPB and National Trust. This project aims to improve the quality of target coastal areas as well as providing recommendations for longer term coastal habitat management and/or creation, with focus on little tern, oystercatcher and ringed plover. LOTE have provided South Walney with equipment for electric fences such as solar panels and energisers, monitoring equipment such as trail cameras and thermal scopes and permanent hybrid fencing. LOTE also provides funding for a seasonal shorebird warden to work with the sole purpose of protecting coastal nesting birds. With the help of LOTE, we at South Walney are able to provide protection to nesting coastal birds throughout the season.

Preparation for nesting season begins in late August / early September. At this time, we start checking our permanent fences for damage and repairing them. Debris is removed and the gates are shut to stop livestock from entering. Holes in the fence are repaired, wire is replaced and holes dug by predators into the fenced area are filled in. The area around the electric fence is cut back with a brush cutter to reduce interference with the wires. The inside of the fence is also brush cut to create the correct nesting habitat. The fence is now ready to be made live closer to the start of the season.

During the nesting season, temporary electric fences and signs explaining what we are protecting are erected. Before this, the area around the perimeter of the fence is brush cut and litter picks are completed. During this season and the previous season, an area of land to past the boundary wall of the reserve to the north was fenced. This land was kindly temporarily loaned to South Walney Nature Reserve, as little terns choose this location to nest. The habitat is shingle and sand, close to the sea which is a perfect location for terns to nest and fish.

To provide more habitat for nesting coastal birds, a tern raft is moved into place, floating in the pool of the oyster farm. The anchors are dropped, a camera is installed and the raft is ready for occupants. There is a permanently placed raft which is used by the same Oystercatcher pair each year. The parents are currently sitting on eggs there now!

Chick shelters, nest cages and cameras are important to protect vulnerable chicks and adults from predators and extreme weather. Shelters of different shapes (for different chicks) are placed on the tern rafts, inside the fences and along the beaches to provide shelter and safety to chicks. Cameras are crucial for monitoring wildlife. They are placed directly on nests and at crossing points to catch predators. Cameras are placed out early in the season and checked regularly throughout the season.

New to 2024
A new sound lure and hand-crafted little tern and herring gull decoys were created in 2024. In an attempt to attract a mixed gull colony of herring and lesser black backed gulls to nest in a new location, 10 adult and 6 juvenile herring gull decoys were created and placed in a temporary 8 strand fenced area. This fence was put in place at the start of the season with decoys and a trail camera, and has successfully attracted first year herring gull visitors since the addition of the decoy birds. We hope to see these gulls return next nesting season! To attract little tern, 40 little tern decoys were crafted and placed on the tern raft, in the temporary 12 strand fence to the north of the reserve and in the fenced area on Foulney island nature reserve. In combination with the decoys, a sound lure was created and is played on loop in the daylight hours. This has successfully attracted 12 pairs of little terns and we are hoping to see chicks in the next couple of weeks. 

Good Luck, Birds!
Now that fences are live, decoys and sound lures are in place and cameras are being regularly checked, it’s up to the birds to raise their young. We wish them the best! 


Link to first South Walney blog by Bekka: LIFE at South Walney

Photo credits: Rebekah Watts

Blog by Rebekah Watts, Shorebird Warden - South Walney, Cumbria Wildlife Trust 

Hi! I’m Bekka, and I’m this year’s shorebird warden at South Walney Nature Reserve for the 2024 nesting season. I am a residential warden. This amazing and diverse reserve is teeming with wildlife including many bird species, and that is what I am here to protect.

As a shorebird warden it is my job to protect and observe my target species: little tern, oystercatcher, ringed plover, great black backed gull, lesser black backed gull, herring gull and lapwing. 

​What wildlife can be seen at South Walney Nature Reserve?
Walney is home to a large, thriving grey seal colony, with more than 400 individuals. Pupping season starts in September, and watching the little white pups laying on the beach under the watchful eyes of their protective mothers is always a treat. Our amazing mammals include otters, badgers, foxes and stoats. These mammals are rare and exciting to spot here! Sea watching from out sea hide can yield even rarer sights; including bottlenose dolphins, harbour porpoises and recently, a basking shark! South Walney Nature Reserve is home to many incredible species of birds, including wildfowl, wading birds and passerines. 

How does a shorebird warden protect shorebirds?
I monitor my target species by completing shorebird surveys, low tide nest counts and trail camera surveillance. The wonderful team of volunteers and I maintain the electric fences which protect the gull and tern colonies from predators such as foxes and badgers. When eggs are found I take into account the incubation period and use this to calculate hatch dates. I place cages around nests which are outside the fence and then I wait! When eggs hatch, I revisit the site of the scrapes (nests) and watch for signs of life such as parents carrying food for their chicks or a view of the chicks themselves. All of this helps me to work out the productivity of each species in this area. 

Visitor engagement is also an important part of my job. I explain the issues of disturbance of both birds and seals, teaching people how to reduce disturbance and to share outdoor coastal spaces with wildlife in positive way, such as moving away from a distressed bird, staying 100m away from hauled out seals and not forcing wildlife interactions.

When ground nesting birds feel threatened, they may abandon their eggs or chicks, or may perform a distraction display, which expends a lot of energy which the bird has stored to find food. All of these responses leave chicks and eggs vulnerable to predation. Working together we can protect these vulnerable species and give them the best chance at a successful nesting season.

​2024 season up to June
Passerines, perching birds (up to now) in 2024
Although these species aren’t on my target list, I am still monitoring their success. The table below shows the species which have been successful in the 2024 nesting season so far:

​​Shorebirds (up to now) in 2024
Fox predation has been an issue this nesting season and due to this there are less nests than in the previous season, however our fences are providing protection to many of the species listed below:

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​Wildfowl (up to now) in 2024
As with the passerine birds, wildfowl aren’t on my target list, however I am still monitoring them:

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​Good luck, everyone!
The season is progressing, chicks are beginning to hatch and I will continue to monitor these special birds until the outcome of the last chick is known. South Walney is a truly dynamic reserve with so many exciting species and being able to assist them during this crucial time is an amazing experience. I hope for a successful nesting season. 

Blog by Kieren Alexander, RSPB Site Manager for Old Hall Marshes

It was a fantastic year on the newly created beach at Horsey Island. For those not familiar with this project, this was the creation of a new beach for little terns and other beach nesting birds to breed on, using 50,000 cubic metres of sand and shingle from the major channel deepening project carried out by Harwich Haven Authority.

Along with providing breeding habitat for little terns and other beach nesting birds, the aim of the recharge scheme was also to help reduce erosion of the saltmarsh at Hamford water. This protected habitat, is vital for carbon storage, aiding in the fight against climate change. The project also assists in providing a natural wave break for the wider Hamford Water area, absorbing the energy before the waves reach the mainland and reducing pressure on the surrounding seawalls.

Nesting on beaches, Little Terns are highly vulnerable to disturbance and erosion exacerbated by rising sea-levels throughout their breeding grounds. The project at Horsey Island, raises the height of a shingle beach out of the reach of the highest tides and hopefully secures this nesting location for the next 60 years.

Below is a little video on how we created this new beach:

Now in its 3rd year and approaching its 3rd breeding season, it is time report back on the results from 2023’s breeding season; in total 28 pairs of Little Terns successfully raised 42 chicks during this year’s breeding season at Horsey Island in Essex. Figures indicate that this year has seen the highest number of chicks taking to the skies since 2006.  
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The site has also provided valuable habitat for other species including a Common Gull which fledged one chick this year from Horsey and is a rare occurrence in Essex and is possibly the first to have bred in Essex.

This is an incredible result and a real success for all the organisations involved in the management of the beach from Tendring District Council, who warden the site and the wider Hamford water embayment, the landowners and HHA and the Environment Agency who helped fund the work.

We will continue to monitor the beach both ecologically and geo-morphologically, with one final drone survey this Spring before we move to an annual monitoring drone flight to see how it is evolving over time and continued annual monitoring of the little tern population led by Tendring District Council and with the assistance of the landowners.


In case you missed it, here is the link to first part of Horsey Island Recharge Project blog, the second part, the third part and the fourth part.

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Video credits: Jim Pullen/RSPB

Blog by Flora Burn, RSPB Research Assistant

I was initially employed in 2023, as a HPAI research assistant and following the end of the breeding season; have since been working on the EU funded LIFE on the Edge project. After much perseverance, my goal of being employed in the conservation sector finally came to fruition. It can only be up from here!

Donning full PPE in baking heat and pouring rain was made worth it to see some of the beautiful, special spots of the Northumbrian coastline. Home to thousands of seabirds. The Farne Islands was where I spent the majority of my visits through the week – also rotating around Lindisfarne and Long Nanny site.

​My first visit to the Farne Islands, I had few words. The beauty was extensive. I had never been so close to such a vast expanse of different seabirds, each drowning the other out with a cacophony of calls. Though it was sobering to see the avian flu wash through the colonies. As a research assistant, I monitored the birds daily; collecting and recording data, reminding myself that the data will help us to understand this deadly virus and inform future decisions for the protection of species. 

​​After many hours spent watching a variety of species, the sea of black and white (Kittiwakes, Guillemots, Razorbills, Shags) covering the rock faces gradually started to become patchy, with more and more heading off to their wintering grounds. I took my last boat ride back to land, after finally having (just about) found my sea legs, having watched thousands of young grow, fledge and leave.

It was time to get back to work in a slightly less wild environment, but no less interesting. I was taken under the wing of a pre-existing team, and joined in on the EU funded project, LIFE on the Edge. My work helping with the creation of a toolkit guiding best practice of conservation projects managing beach nesting birds has taught me a lot. The aim is that it will aid the conservation of beach nesting birds across the UK.

​In helping to create a ‘toolkit’ it provides a central resource, a hub of information, for site staff, volunteers, members of the public and generally anyone of interest, to access. In essence, a go to guide / manual on how to protect beach nesters. Time was spent reading, researching and writing.

​Having worked as a Little tern warden previously, joining the project felt like a natural fit – having experienced the hard work and team effort it takes to protect these vulnerable species. I thought back to the days of trudging beaches for miles, lugging fencing, fishboxes, shovels, pleading with visitors to keep away from birds, doing everything possible to protect the little visitors whose numbers are so low, in efforts to protect them. I couldn’t help feeling like a manual would have been useful!

I threw myself into the research and collation of information, determined to pull together an informative, accessible document. Some species I already had a good level of understanding of their needs, some I knew less about, such as the Mediterranean gull.

​Gulls seem to get a bad rep. They are an amber listed species, and with reduced suitable natural nesting sites, much like many other beach nesting species, numbers are dwindling. A few years ago, egg collectors decimated a mixed colony of Black-headed and Mediterranean gulls at Poole Harbour. 60-70% of nests were emptied by illegal collectors overnight, to be sold on and served in a few high-end luxury restaurants. This has a huge impact on breeding success. Disturbance, predation and climate change are all severely impacting seabirds, and we need to do what we can to put measures in place to offer the best chances of survival.  

​Through my work, I have vastly expanded my knowledge of a variety of beach nesting bird species and their conservation practices. It’s encouraging to know that the work being produced will inform UK wide conservation in practice, with detailed sections providing information on species, monitoring methods, predator monitoring (trail cameras, fencing etc), predator management (chick shelters, audible deterrents, diversionary feeding etc), disturbance and management (signage, zoning, patrols etc), habitat management, and engagement with the community. We can only do our bit, and long may it continue. 

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Editor's comment: Please note this toolkit is still being written, but will be placed on the LIFE on the Edge website once it is finalised.

All photos are copyrighted: Flora Burn 
Instagram: @flora_burn    

Blog by David Mason, National Trust - Suffolk and Essex Coast Ranger

April 2023 was an exciting month for the Northey Island Coastal Adaptation Strategy and the LIFE on the Edge project. After several years of planning and preparation the final parts of the embankment were lowered on April 28th and the tide came into the new starter creek, finally overtopping onto the Eastern fields at high tide on the 4th of May. Hurrah!

We have timelapse cameras on site to record progress and these are quite useful in comparing before and after photos.

​​This photo shows the ‘before’ of the pond the water voles were translocated from, with Brent Geese settled in the field. The area on the right is the location of the first managed realignment in England carried out in 1991, which laid the foundation for later realignment projects around the country.

​This is the same view after the embankment was removed, showing the tide coming over the 1991 realignment.

​On particularly high tides the incoming water covers the lowered embankment and spills into the pond. Here little egrets and other wading birds can be seen in the shallows.

​May the 4th be with you. The forces of nature take charge at Northey as the first high tide overtops the new starter creek onto the Eastern field.

​Saltmarsh plants have already begun growing in the Eastern field, predominantly along the edges of the creek and scrape, whilst birds including lapwing, little egret, redshank and greenshank make use of the new intertidal area

Bank Reprofiling

The bank in the Northern field has been reprofiled with a shallow back slope to make it more resilient to overtopping by the tide during storm surges.  Capped with topsoil from on site this will quickly regenerate and forms part of a new circular walk around the site, open April through to September. A new borrowdyke has been dug out further inland.  This drains the field and links to an outlet pipe with flap valve that takes excess water into the saltmarsh.  The ditch contains a deeper pond area for freshwater wildlife. The field has been re-fenced and will continue to be used for hay making and grazing which keep the grass in good condition for brent geese, lapwing and curlew to use in the winter.

Water vole update-
As the landscaping work has finished, the fencing to keep the water voles in their new pond has been removed.  It now looks like part of the landscape and the voles are free to roam into the network of freshwater ponds and ditches.

Fish survey training

​National Trust staff undertook fish survey training with Steve from the Institute of Fisheries Management.  After laying out fyke nets in the creeks at low tide, we trawled a tidal pool with a seine net while waiting for the tide to rise and bring the fish in to the creeks.  The seine net caught a range of small fish including common goby, bass, thin lipped grey mullet, gold grey mullet, stickleback, prawn and shrimp.  Larger bass were caught in the fyke net nearest the seaward end of the creek. The surveyed marine life were returned to the creeks and scrapes following identification to continue their journeys around the estuary and further afield.
 

Links to previous blogs about Northey Island
​Part 1:  www.projectlote.life/news/northey-island
Part 2:  www.projectlote.life/news/ntconservationadaption
Part 3: https://www.projectlote.life/news/ntwatervoles​
Part 4: www.projectlote.life/news/northey-update